What Is the Reading Level for True Crime in the Civil War by Tobin T.buhk

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The English language Civil State of war was a seventeenth-century battle between the Parliamentarians and the Royals over the futurity of England's regime and the degree to which the monarchy and representatives would hold power.

Click here to see more than posts in this category. Scroll down to see more articles nigh the figures involved in the English Civil War, the almost of import battles, and the weapons used.

Timeline

Below is a comprehensive English Civil War timeline, featuring the events leading up to the war, the most important battles, and the events signaling the end of the war.

13th June 1625	King Charles Marries	Rex Charles I married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV of France at St Augustine's Church, Canterbury, Kent. The marriage was non pop because she was a Cosmic.
May 1626	Parliament Dismissed	Parliament were unhappy with the activities of Charles' chief minister, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham had led a failed mission to Cadiz and it appeared that he was planning to assist the French to put down the Protestant Huguenot insurgence. Parliament moved to accept Buckingham dismissed from part. Charles retaliated past dismissing parliament.
13th March	Parliament Recalled	Charles needed money to finance the war with France and Espana and reluctantly recalled Parliament.
1628	Thirty-9 Articles	Charles re-issued the Thirty 9 Articles into the Church of England. This was seen as a move towards Rome and prove of the Rex'due south Catholic leanings.
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7th June 1628	Petition of Right	Parliament formed a committee of grievances and prepared a Petition of Correct which was presented to the King. The Petition was designed to protect subjects from any further taxation unauthorised past Parliament. Charles signed the document reluctantly.
22nd August 1628	Buckingham Assassinated	George Villiers, 1st Knuckles of Buckingham, was stabbed to death past naval lieutenant John Felton.
March 1629	The Three Resolutions	There were outbursts in Parliament when the Petition of Right was debated and the doors were locked to continue royal guards out. The Speaker, who wanted to adjourn the proceedings, was held in his chair. Parliament passed 3 resolutions: 1.That they would condemn any move to modify religion. 2. That they would condemn any taxation levied without Parliament'due south authority. 3. That whatsoever merchant who paid 'illegal' taxes betrayed the liberty of England. Charles dismissed Parliament.
March 1629	MPs Arrested	Charles arrested nine members of the Commons for offences against the state. Three were imprisoned. This action by the King fabricated him more unpopular. The Rex, defended his action by stating his belief in his ain divine right proverb that 'Princes are not bound to give account of their deportment, but to God solitary.'
1632	Thomas Wentworth	Known as 'Blackness Tom Tyrant' by the Irish gaelic, Thomas Wentworth, Lord Deputy of Ireland, ruled Ireland with a firm paw. However, his rule alienated the planters of Ulster and antagonised the landowners of Connaught.
August 1633	Archbishop Laud	Charles appointed William Laud equally Archbishop of Canterbury. Laud was known to accept Catholic leanings and Charles hoped that his date would aid to stop the ascension of the  Puritans.
18 June 1633	Male monarch of Scotland	Charles was crowned King of Scotland at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh.
1634 – 1636	Ship Money	This tax was paid past littoral towns to pay for the upkeep of the Royal Navy. In a bid to raise more money, Charles now imposed the tax on inland towns as well.
June 1638	Send Money	John Hampden, challenged the King's right to impose such a tax simply he lost the case and the court ruled that the Male monarch was the just authority that could impose such a revenue enhancement.
February 1638	National Covenant and Book of Mutual Prayer	Charles demanded that the Book of Mutual Prayer be used in the Scottish Kirk. The Calvinist-dominated Scottish church resisted the move. At that place were riots and a National Covenant was formed which protested against any religious interference in Scotland by England. The Scottish Kirk was and then incensed that it expelled the Bishops installed in Scotland past James I.
1639	Pacification of Berwick	Thomas Wentworth's had led a scratch ground forces against the Scots but had been defeated on the border and had been forced to sign a temporary truce at Berwick. Wentworth told the King that in club to raise an efficient army he must recall Parliament. Charles, who had enjoyed his eleven years tyranny, was forced to call up Parliament.
13th Apr 1640	Curt Parliament	The new Parliament refused to authorise any new taxes until the King agreed to abandon 'ship money'. The Rex said that he would merely abandon transport money if Parliament would grant him enough money to re-open the state of war with Scotland. Parliament refused and was dismissed after three weeks.
1640	Oliver Cromwell	Oliver Cromwell was elected to Parliament for the 2d fourth dimension. He openly criticised Charles taxes and the level of corruption in the Church of England.
Oct 1640	Scotland	Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, ready out for the Scottish border with a makeshift army. However, the army mutinied and the Scots seized English land. The Scots demanded a daily rate be paid until a satisfactory treaty was put in place.
21 October 1640	Treaty of Ripon	This treaty between Scotland and England immune the Scots to stay in Durham and Northumberland until a final settlement was concluded.
November 1640	Long Parliament	Charles had to take coin to pay for an efficient ground forces with which to defeat the Scots. Nonetheless, he couldn't have the money until he agreed to Parliament's demands which included an Act which stated that parliament should meet one time every five years and the arrest for treason of Strafford. Charles had no option but to comply.
20 May 1641	Wentworth Beheaded	Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, was executed on Tower Loma.
Summer 1641	Triennial Act	This act allowed Parliament to be summoned without majestic control and alleged 'ship money' to be illegal.
Late Summer 1641	Revolt in Ireland	A revolt broke out in Ireland. Parliament disquisitional of the Rex'due south handling of matters in both Ireland and Scotland, passed propositions that the Parliament and not the Male monarch should be responsible for the country's defence.
22 Oct 1641	Catholic Rebellion in Ireland	A Catholic rebellion broke out in Ulster and apace spread across the country. Many Protestant settlers were driven from their homes and the rebellion became war.
November 1641	Thousand Remonstrance	This certificate, put together by Pym, listed parliament's grievances confronting the King since his reign began.
4 Jan 1642	Charles Arrests 5 MPs	Charles instructed his attorney-general to outcome a charge of treason against one peer and five members of the Commons including Pym and Hampden. When Parliament refused to recognise the charge, Charles sent a troop of horsemen to make the arrests. Notwithstanding, Parliament had been warned and the five men had fled. this motility by Charles was extremely unpopular and across the country people declared themselves for Parliament and against Popery. Charles removed himself and his family from Whitehall to Hampton Court.
Jan 1642	Preparations for War	Charles sent his wife Henrietta Maria to the Continent to enlist Catholic back up for his cause confronting Parliament. She was also to pawn the crown jewels to purchase arms. Although both sides were now preparing for war, negotiations continued.
March 1642	Militia Ordinance	This allowed Parliament to take control of the Militia, virtually the only armed body in the country.
Apr 1642	Charles – Hull	Charles tried to secure an arsenal of equipment left in Hull from his Scottish campaign. He was blocked by Sir John Hotham, with parliamentary and naval support and was forced to retire to York. Charles made his headquarters in York.
June 1642	Nineteen Propositions	The 19 Propositions were issued by Parliament in the hopes of reaching a settlement with the King. They called for a new constitution recognising their own supremacy; demanded that ministers and judges should be appointed by parliament non by the King and also that all Church building and war machine matters should come nether the command of Parliament.
22 Aug 1642	Ceremonious War – Standard raised	Charles raised his standard at Nottingham formally declaring war. However, both sides hoped that either war could be averted or that 1 decisive boxing would put an end to the matter.
vii Sept 1642	Portsmouth falls to Parliament	The vital port and fortress of Portsmouth surrendered to Parliament.
23 October 1642	Boxing of Edgehill	In the early afternoon, Charles sent his ground forces downwardly the loma to meet the Parliamentary army commanded by Essex. On the royalist right was Prince Rupert who broke Essex'southward left flank. In the center, reinforcements arrived and they managed to push frontwards putting the lives of the Male monarch's sons, Charles and James, in danger.  The battle was a stalemate with neither side able to advance.
12, 13 Nov 1642	Small Battles	The Royalists led by Prince Rupert managed to surprise and capture Brentford. However, the following day Rupert was surprised to find his road to the metropolis of London barred at Turnham Green by Essex and an army of some 24,000. The Royalist commander decided to retire rather than fight.
January 1643	Royalist Victories	The Royalists had victories over Parliament at Braddock Down and Nantwich
1643	Skirmishes and Battles	Parliament took Lichfield, Reading, Wakefield, Gainsborough, Royalists took Ripple Field, Tewkesbury, Chewton Mendip, Chalgrove Field, Landsdowne Hill, Bristol and Yorkshire. Re-took Lichfield and Gainsborough, and held Cornwall, Newark and Devises
30 June 1643	Battle of Adwalton Moor	the Royalist commander, William Cavendish decided to effort and enclose the Parliamentarian army in Bradford. Yet, Fairfax, the Parliamentary commander decided that his army had a better take chances of survival if they fought the Royalists in a battle rather than being surrounded and forced to surrender. The Royalists won the battle.
13 July 1643	Battle of Roundaway Down	The Royalists were the first to charge but there was no counter-accuse. Afterwards two more charges the Parliamentary cavalry had fled. Waller and so turned his attention to the Parliamentary infantry who stood firm until a force led by Hopton attacked them from behind. Defenseless betwixt 2 Royalist armies the majority of Parliamentarian soldiers just fled from the battlefield giving the Royalists victory.
Aug 1643	Solemn League and Covenant	This document swore to preserve the Church of Scotland and reform the religion of England and Republic of ireland 'co-ordinate to the discussion of God and the instance of the best reformed churches' and to protect 'the rights and liberties of parliaments'. It was accepted by the English language Parliament in September.
20 Sept 1643	First Battle of Newbury	Essex's forcefulness of tired wet and hungry Parliamentarians intended to residue at Newbury, a town sympathetic to the Parliamentarians. Still, Rupert had arrived in that location showtime and Essex had no choice merely to fight. Essex moved the Parliamentarians earlier daybreak and secured the 'Round Hill', just south of Newbury. The surrounding countryside was criss-crossed with lanes and hedgerows which offered splendid cover for the foot soldiers merely was quite unsuitable for horse. Parliament won the battle
June 1644	Boxing of Marston Moor	This was the largest unmarried boxing of the Civil War involving 45,000 men. Although the Royalists were outnumbered, they decided to fight. They were defeated past Parliament. For the starting time time since the Civil War had began Rupert'southward cavalry were browbeaten past a Parliamentarian cavalry charge.
27 Oct 1644	Second Battle of Newbury	The Royalists were sandwiched between two Parliamentary forces. Each time Parliament fabricated some proceeds they were beaten dorsum by the Royalists. The battle, which lasted all day, ended in a draw.
14th June 1645	Battle of Naseby	The Parliamentarians broke their siege on Oxford and forced the Royalists into boxing. Initially the Royalists took up a defensive opinion but later the society to attack was given. The battle lasted just 3 hours and saw the expiry of well-nigh of the Royalist pes soldiers. Information technology was a decisive victory for Parliament. Charles fled the battlefield equally soon equally it was apparent that he had lost both the battle and the war.
sixth May 1646	Surrender to the Scots	Charles I surrendered to the Scots
24th June 1646	Surrender	Oxford, Charles I's capital surrendered to Parliament
30th January 1647	Charles I Imprisoned	The Scots handed Charles over to parliament. He was imprisoned in Holdenby House, Northamptonshire
November 1647	Putney Debates	This was a series of debates held by different Parliamentarian forces to try to determine on a new constitution.
November 1647	Charles Escaped	Charles I escaped imprisonment and fled to Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight
December 1648	Charles Recaptured	Charles was recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle
6th January 1649	Rump Parliament	The Rump Parliament began. All members of Parliament who were in favour of negotiating with the Rex had been expelled. The Rump Parliament gave parliament the right to make new Acts of Parliament without the king's approval
20th January 1649	Trial of King Charles began	King Charles was tried for treason by a High Courtroom of Justice especially ready up for the trial. The court found Charles guilty and sentenced him to death.
30 Jan 1649	Execution	King Charles I was executed by beheading, outside Whitehall Palace, London. He was buried in St George'south Chapel, Windsor.

Charles I – The Slide to State of war

Charles I came to the throne in 1625 after the expiry of his father, James I. Similar his male parent, he believed in the Divine Correct of Kings. Although merely parliament could pass laws and grant money for war, because they refused to exercise as he wished, Charles chose to rule without them.

Charles fabricated repeated mistakes throughout his reign that took the country into Civil War and ultimately led to his death on January 30th 1649.

Relationships

In the first year of his reign, Charles married Princess Henrietta Maria of France, a Catholic. Parliament were concerned about the marriage considering they did non want to come across a render to Catholicism and they believed that a Catholic Queen would heighten their children to the Catholic faith.

Instead of listening to the advice of his Parliament, Charles chose the Duke of Buckingham as his principal advisor. Parliament disliked Buckingham and resented his level of power over the Male monarch. In 1623 he had been responsible for taking England to state of war with Spain and parliament used this to bring a accuse of treason against him.

Nonetheless, the Male monarch dismissed parliament in order to save his favourite. In 1627, Buckingham led a campaign into France which saw the English army badly defeated. In 1628, while preparing for a naval invasion of France, Buckingham was assassinated.

Money

The monarch's income was paid out of customs duties and when a new Rex or Queen came to the throne parliament voted for their income to exist paid for life. In Charles I's case, though, it was only granted for one yr. The members of parliament wanted to make certain that Charles did non dismiss them. Their plan did not piece of work, Charles chose to rule alone and found his own style of getting money.

Ship Money

It had always been the custom that in times of state of war, people living on the coast, would pay extra taxes for the defence force of the coastline by naval ships.

In 1634, Charles decided that 'ship money' should be paid all the time. One year afterwards he demanded that people living inland should besides pay 'ship money'. The people were not pleased and a man named John Hampden refused to pay the tax until it had been agreed by parliament.

The case went to court and the judge establish Charles' actions to be legal. The people had no choice but to pay.

In 1639, Charles needed an regular army to go to Scotland to strength the Scots to utilize the English Prayer volume. A new tax was introduced to pay for the army. People at present had to pay ii taxes and many just refused. Many of those jailed for not paying the taxes were released by sympathetic jailors. By 1639 nigh of the population was against Charles. 'Ship Money' was made illegal in 1641.

Religion

The Protestants had been upset by Charles' marriage to Cosmic Henrietta Maria of France. They were fifty-fifty more upset when Charles, together with Archbishop Laud, began making changes to the Church of England. It was ordered that churches be decorated once over again and that sermons should non exist simply confined to the Bible. A new English Prayer Book was introduced in 1637.

Scotland

Charles also demanded that the new English Prayer Volume be used in Scottish Churches. This was a very big mistake. The Scots were more anti-Catholic than the English and many of them were Puritans. There were riots in Scotland confronting the new service and Charles was forced to raise an army to fight against the Scots. The English army was defeated past the Scots and Charles foolishly agreed to pay Scotland ?850 per twenty-four hours until the thing was settled. Coin he did not have!

Ireland

The Irish Catholics were fed upwardly with being ruled by English Protestants who had been given land in Republic of ireland by James I.

In 1641, news reached London that the Catholics were revolting. Equally the news travelled information technology was exaggerated and Londoners learned that xx,000 Protestants had been murdered. Rumours spread that Charles was behind the rebellion in a bid to make the whole of the U.k. Catholic.

An army had to be sent to Ireland to put the rebellion downwardly but who was to control the ground forces. Parliament was worried that if Charles had control of the regular army he would apply it to regain command over Parliament. In the same way, if Parliament controlled the army they would apply it to control the King. It was a stalemate.

Parliament

One of Charles I's major mistakes was that he was unable to gain the co-operation of his parliament. His determined belief in the Divine Right of Kings led to his dismissing parliament in 1629 and ruling without them. The fact that he did non have a parliament to grant him money meant that he had to tax his people heavier and introduce unpleasant taxes such as transport money (see to a higher place). It was but when Charles needed an army to fight against Scotland that he was forced to recall parliament in 1640. This parliament remained in part for so many years that it is known as the Long Parliament.

The Long Parliament

Having been dismissed from office for eleven years, this parliament was determined to brand the most of being recalled and Charles' favourite, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, of treason. Strafford was executed in May 1641.

In November 1641, parliament presented the Rex with a list of complaints called the Grand Remonstrance that asked for the power of bishops to be reduced and for Charles' councillors to exist men trusted by parliament. Non all members of parliament were in favour of it  and it was only passed by 159 votes to 148.

In January 1642 Charles made what was the well-nigh foolish motion of his reign. He burst into the Houses of Parliament with 400 soldiers and demanded that the five leading MPs be arrested. The v MPs had had accelerate warning and had fled.

Charles dismissing Parliament

In June 1642 the Long Parliament passed a new fix of demands called the Nineteen Proposals that called for the Rex's powers to be greatly reduced and a greater control of government to exist given to parliament. This motion divided parliament between those who supported the Nineteen Proposals and those who idea parliament had gone too far.

Both Parliament and Charles began collecting together their ain armies. War was inevitable. People were forced to choose sides and on 22nd August 1642, the King raised his standard at Nottingham.

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell was born on April 25th 1599. His family had go wealthy following the dissolution of the monasteries by Thomas Cromwell and had changed their name from Williams to Cromwell in recognition of the human being that had made their fortune.

He attended Cambridge University where he gained a reputation for his commitment to Puritanism. In 1620 he married Elizabeth Bourchier and the couple had ii sons. In 1628 he became Member of Parliament for Huntingdon. In 1640 he was elected to the Long Parliament equally Member for Cambridge, although he played no prominent part in the government.

Oliver Cromwell and the English language Civil War

When the Civil war began in 1642, Cromwell was sent to organize the defense of Norfolk. He was noted for his organizational skills and bravery and when the East Anglian counties formed the Eastern Association, Cromwell was put in charge of the cavalry. His reputation was further enhanced when his cavalry fabricated a notable contribution to the Battle of Marston Moor. When the New Model Army was formed, Cromwell was made General of the Horse and he played an of import function in the defeat of the King in the Battle of Naseby.

When the Civil War ended with Parliament victorious, Cromwell played a role in trying to keep Parliament united. He also tried to smooth things betwixt Parliament and the army in 1647 when the army mutinied and refused to disband. He played a prominent part in the 2nd Civil State of war.

Hither are the nearly important changes that Oliver Cromwell instituted.

• He was the prime mover behind the decision to execute the King in 1649 and the establishment of the Democracy.
• Having stabilized England, Cromwell left for Ireland to put downwards the Irish gaelic Ceremonious War. Every bit an farthermost Puritan, he hated the Catholics and had never forgiven them for their declared massacre of Protestants in 1641.
• He therefore felt he was justified in seeking revenge and was responsible for the Massacre of Drogheda in September 1649.

Oliver Cromwell Takes Control

Cromwell was becoming increasingly frustrated with the members of the Rump Parliament who had not passed reforms in either the political or religious sphere. In 1653, at the head of an army, Cromwell marched into Parliament and dismissed the members. It was replaced by the Barebones Parliament, a select parliament of committed Puritans who elected Cromwell as Lord Protector.

English Civil War: Royalist or Parliamentarian?

From the moment that Charles I raised his standard at Nottingham in August 1642, ordinary people throughout the land were forced to choose which side they were on. In the majority of cases this choice was made for them as they simply joined the regular army that reached their city or town kickoff.

Support remained much the same throughout 1642 and 1643, just during 1644 and 1645 people began to change sides.

For the King Catholics, nigh of the Nobles and gentry, about half of all Members of Parliament, the poorer areas of the North and West. Cavaliers The supporters of the King were chosen Cavaliers because many of them fought on horseback. The term comes from the French 'chevalier' pregnant 'horse'. Cavaliers had long hair and wore fancy wearing apparel.	For Parliament Puritans, the more than militant Members of Parliament, merchants, the richer areas of the South and Due east. Roundheads Parliamentarians were nicknamed 'roundheads' considering they cut their hair very brusque. They also wore very plain and simple wearing apparel.

These maps show how Charles gradually lost control of England and Wales as the Parliamentarians gained more and more back up.

The overall upshot of the English language Ceremonious War was the trial and execution of Charles I, and so the exile of Charles II, and finally the replacement of the English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England and the Protectorate under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard. This ultimately led to Parliament as the ruling power of England, existence formally legally established as office of the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

The wars left England equally one of the few countries in Europe without a monarch, and many of the factions of the war were sidelined.

English language Civil War Battles

English language Civil State of war battles were significant in the scope of British history only they were not arrayed in the manner of a typical war. Although this was a civil war, and the whole country was affected, at that place were remarkably few major battles.

Edgehill 23rd October 1642

Both the Royalist and the Parliamentary armies were on the move. Charles' army, allowable by the Male monarch himself, was marching from Shrewsbury to London while Parliament'southward regular army, under Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex was marching from London to Worcester. When the armies were a few miles apart, Prince Rupert persuaded Charles to take to the high ground at Edgehill. Essex realised that the Royalist army was close and formed his men for battle. Both commanders deployed their troops in the same way with infantry in the centre and cavalry to the flank.

The Parliamentary ground forces opened the battle with a volley of cannon burn. Prince Rupert led a Royalist cavalry accuse on the correct side of the battlefield and the Parliamentarians fled. Meanwhile another grouping of Royalist cavalry charged the left side of the field and the Parliamentarians fled.

If the Royalist cavalry had rejoined their army information technology is likely that the Royalists would have won the battle. All the same, both cavalry commanders chose to pursue the fleeing Parliamentarians leaving Charles without a cavalry regiment.

Seeing that he now had an advantage, Essex commanded a full general assault on the Royalists. Although the Royalists held footing for a while many soon decided to run. Nevertheless, Essex had thought of this and had sent a cavalry regiment to the back of the field to cut downwardly any who chose to flee the battlefield. They did not get the chance to practice this equally Prince Rupert had returned with his cavalry. The light was giving mode to darkness by now and equally both sides were exhausted it was decided to call the boxing a depict.

Adwalton Moor 30th June 1643

The Royalists were well supported in the N of England. Knowing that he had a lot of support the Royalist commander, William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, decided to effort and enclose the Parliamentarian ground forces in Bradford. Nevertheless, Fairfax, the Parliamentary commander decided that his army had a better chance of survival if they fought the Royalists in a battle rather than existence surrounded and forced to give up.

The two armies met at Adwalton Moor, an expanse covered with fields enclosed by fences and hedges. This was not adept land for the Royalist cavalry and Fairfax knew that this would give him an reward even though his army was heavily outnumbered. Fairfax decided to adopt a defensive position and successfully withstood several Royalist charges. Feeling optimistic that they were successfully withstanding the Royalists and forcing them to defeat, several groups of Parliamentarian soldiers decided to pursue the Royalists rather than maintaining their defensive line. The Royalists were able to easily force the split up Parliamentarians to retreat to Bradford.

Roundaway Downwards 13th July 1643

The Parliamentary commander Sir William Waller, had managed to push back the Royalist ground forces, commanded by Lord Hopton, to Devizes. Knowing that the Royalists were in a bad style and having seen a company fleeing for Salisbury, Waller allowed his regular army to have food and rest before mounting a final set on on the Royalists. What he did not realise was that when they reached Salisbury the Royalists turned North to seek help.

Lord Henry Wilmot was the Royalist commander who led a force to assist Hopton. When Waller realised that Hopton was budgeted he took up battle position on Roundaway Downward, just north of Devizes. He positioned his infantry in the middle and cavalry at the sides.

The Royalists were the first to charge and for some reason there was no Parliamentarian counter-charge. After two more than charges the Parliamentary cavalry had fled. Waller then turned his attention to the Parliamentary infantry. However, they stood firm until a strength led by Hopton attacked them from behind. Defenseless between two Royalist armies the majority of Parliamentarian soldiers simply fled from the battleground.

First Battle of Newbury 20th September 1643

Robert Devereux, third Earl of Essex, had marched from London to Gloucester to re-supply a Parliamentary regular army. On his return journey he was attacked by a minor company led by Prince Rupert, who wanted to irksome his return to London. Rupert managed to dull the Parliamentarians enough to allow Charles I to attain the Parliamentarian boondocks of Newbury earlier Essex.

Charles positioned his ground forces across Essex'south route ensuring that the Parliamentarians would have no selection just to fight. As the two sides were stationing their soldiers, Charles foolishly allowed the Parliamentarians to station a bombardment of artillery and a visitor of infantrymen on Round Loma.

The Royalists chose to attack Round Hill first. Withal, they were unable to mount a successful attack because the area was covered with hedgerows and bushes making information technology difficult for the cavalry to be effective. The Royalists suffered a number of losses and were driven back. A second Royalist assault on Circular Hill was more successful and the Parliamentarians were pushed back. But the Royalist cavalry had been badly fired upon and no farther attacks were made. The battle was alleged a draw.

Marston Moor 2nd July 1644

Prince Rupert was marching across the N of England to relieve a Royalist army trapped in York. News of Rupert'southward position in the North reached Oliver Cromwell, the Parliamentary Lieutenant General, and an regular army was sent to meet the Royalists.

Rupert outmanoeuvred the Parliamentarians past sending a cavalry detachment south to Marston Moor while taking the residue of the Royalist army to York and so to Marston Moor by a Northern road. Meanwhile, Rupert sent a bulletin to William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, to meet him at Marston Moor.

The combined Royalist forces were outnumbered by the Parliamentarians but decided to fight anyhow. They reached their battle positions in the early evening and assumed that the boxing would non begin until the early on morning. Unfortunately for them the Parliamentarians had decided to mount an attack that evening and the Royalists were totally unprepared for the attack.

For the first fourth dimension since the Ceremonious State of war had began. Rupert's cavalry, at ane end of the field, were beaten by a Parliamentarian cavalry charge. Things were better for the Royalists at the other terminate of the field where the Parliamentarians had been beaten dorsum. Having defeated Rupert, the Parliamentarians were feeling optimistic and successfully defeated the Royalist infantry, killing those who did not flee.

Second Boxing of Newbury 27th October 1644

Charles positioned his army and then equally to defend the northern border of Newbury. He knew that he had a stiff position and hoped that the Parliamentarians would not assault until Prince Rupert had joined him and strengthened his army further.

The Parliamentarian commander, Edward Montague, positioned his army on the north-eastern ridge. The Parliamentarians knew that it was going to exist difficult to defeat the Royalists so they embarked on a daring programme. Sir William Waller led a large force of Parliamentarians around the border of the Royalist army. As day broke on the 27th October, Edward Montague and William Waller attacked simultaneously. Waller succeeded in taking a Royalist outpost but made no farther gains. Meanwhile the Royalists managed to hold off the set on by Montague.

The battle lasted all day with the Royalists sandwiched between two Parliamentarian forces. Each time the Parliamentarians fabricated some gains they were beaten dorsum by the Royalists. Heavy losses were sustained by the Roundheads. By nightfall, both armies were exhausted and Charles decided to retreat to Oxford. Although Cromwell wanted to pursue the Royalists, he did not have the backing of his ground forces commanders and the Royalists were able to flee the boxing scene safely.

The Battle of Naseby 14th June 1645

The Parliamentarian, General Fairfax, had laid siege to Oxford in a bid to lure Charles into boxing. Hearing that his Royalist 'capital' had been placed nether siege Charles had immediately marched to Oxford to release the city. Every bit Charles neared Oxford, Fairfax broke the siege and marched northward to meet Charles. Not wanting to exist forced into battle against Fairfax, Charles turned north. Unfortunately for the Royalists, they could not outmarch the Parliamentarians and had no choice but to turn and fight.

They took up a good defensive position and waited for discussion of Fairfax's position. Prince Rupert discovered that the Parliamentarians were camped almost Naseby and suggested that the Royalists should advance on Fairfax. The decision to advance was taken and the Royalists left their strong defensive position to make an assail. This was not a good decision equally Fairfax had deployed his army in a very strong position, going so far equally to hide some of his troops from sight.

Both sides took up their usual positions with infantrymen in the centre and cavalry on the flanks. The Parliamentarian cavalry were commanded past Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton, the Royalist cavalry were allowable by Marmaduke Langdale and Prince Rupert. The Royalist cavalry, under Prince Rupert, made the first attack and pushed the Parliamentarian cavalry dorsum. Meanwhile the Royalist infantry had some success over parliament. However, Langdale's cavalry had non fared so well, they had been pushed back by Cromwell.

The Parliamentarian New Model Ground forces then took to the field concentrating mainly on the Royalist infantry. Charles' army were unable to withstand this new assault and many foot soldiers surrendered.

The battle lasted but 3 hours and in that time well-nigh of the Royalist human foot soldiers were killed or taken prisoner. The Royalists besides lost all of their artillery and nearly of their baggage. Charles fled the battlefield equally presently as it became apparent that he had lost the battle.

English Ceremonious State of war Weapons

The seventeenth-century English language Ceremonious War witnessed the evolution of personal and portable firearms. However, the simple pike however had its purposes, as edged weapons were wielded alongside mortars, cannons, and muskets. Below is a description of English Civil War weapons.

Principal English Civil War Weapons

The Mortar

This device is easy to maneuver and can be used by i man lone. An explosive shell is fired high into the air and explodes on bear on. Although information technology was difficult to aim, this weapon was the almost destructive of those used in the Civil War.

The Cannon

The cannons used in the Civil War were very heavy and difficult to move. The largest needed a team of 16 horses to move them. More commonly, smaller cannon were used merely fifty-fifty these required at least 4 men to motion them. For this reason they had to exist put into position before a boxing began. The missiles fired from the cannon were usually balls of iron, only sometimes stones were used.  Later on the cannon had been fired the soldiers operating it had to go through a strict process of cleaning, loading the weapon and loading the gunpowder before it could be fired over again. Aiming was difficult and the cannon were more constructive as a means of instilling fearfulness into the enemy than actually causing damage.

The Musket

In that location were two types of musket; the matchlock and the flintlock, which could be as long every bit five feet and had a firing range of up to 300 yards. They were both loaded in the aforementioned way; gunpowder was poured into the barrel and packed in hard with a stick. Then the atomic number 82 ball would be put in followed by wadding to hold the ball in identify.

To fire the matchlock, the most common blazon of musket, the soldier would empty gunpowder into a pan and encompass information technology to protect it. He would then press a lighted piece of flax into a metal trigger chosen the snake. When the gun was fired the lighted flax in the serpent would come down into the pan and light the gunpowder. The flame from this would so enter the butt of the gun and ignite the gunpowder that had been poured into it and the lead ball would be fired.

To fire the flintlock was slightly easier but more expensive. The pan would be filled in the same way but the ophidian contained a piece of flint which, when it struck the pan, would produce a spark which would ignite the gunpowder.

Both weapons were dangerous and impuissant to use. Some of the longer muskets needed a residual to residue the barrel on because they were too heavy to hold. They were incommunicable to reload quickly and were most constructive when a group of musketeers fired a volley of shots at the enemy.

The Pike

The Motorway was ane of the nearly usually used weapons on the Civil War battleground. The superhighway was a long wooden shaft with a steel point on the end. They were cheap to brand, soldiers required very little grooming to use them and they could exist very effective specially when used in a group. Pikes were supposed to be 16 feet in length but often soldiers sawed a few feet off the ends to make them easier to deport.

The Pikemen oft formed the front end line of an army. Operating together they had to lower their pikes to prevent a cavalry charge from breaking the ranks. The cavalrymen's horses would exist injured by the expressway and would fall to the ground unseating his rider who would then be an piece of cake target for the musketmen or for the sword. If the ground forces was surrounded then the pikemen would form a circumvolve and lower or raise their pikes to provide a 'hedgehog' of cover.

English Ceremonious War Bibliography

Battles of the Civil War – Owen Crossby

Castles of Wales and the Ceremonious War – Castles of Wales

Charles I – Britannia

Ceremonious War Re-enactment – The Sealed Knot

The English Civil State of war – History Learning Site

The English Civil War – Dr E. 50. Skip Knox

The English Civil War – Encyclopedia.com

The English Civil State of war – P. H. Vickers

The English Civil State of war in the West – BBC

The English Civil War Society

History of the Civil War – Owen Crossby

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"English language Civil State of war: (1642–1651)" History on the Net
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March 4, 2022 <https://www.historyonthenet.com/english-civil-war-1642-1651>
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